Friday, January 31, 2020

Coca-Cola Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Coca-Cola Marketing Strategy Essay Indirect Exporting- Coke sells their product to separately owned bottling companies around the world who then bottle the product and sell it to wholesalers around their location. 3. Product-Coca-Cola uses two formulas (one with sugar, one with corn syrup) for all markets. The product packaging in every country incorporates the contour bottle design and the logo in some way shape or form. However, the bottle or can also includes the country’s native language and is the same size as other beverage bottles or cans in that same country. Global Marketing, Wiki) Pricing- Coca-Cola products are priced right about the same as its competitors in that geographic area (varies depending on location). They incorporate a psychological pricing strategy, for example instead of having a 24 pack of cans be $10 they make it $9. 98 in order to create the illusion to the customer that it is a lot cheaper than it really is. Place- Coca-Cola sells its product to bottling companies, vending machines, gas stations, newsstands, and other wholesalers in places all over the world, who then sell it to the consumer. Promotion-Mainly television commercials that are specialized for each separate country (different athlete drinking coke in china that in Italy). They place their logo in as many strategic places as possible to get people to think about their product. 4. Coca-Cola has done extensive work to make sure that their product is appealing to everyone and it is one of the most well recognized and respected brands in the world. They have instituted zero-emission trucks (all electric) into their fleet of vehicles to promote going green. One Issue is that their bottling plants have been accused of being unclean and full of unhealthy pesticides. One test found that a plant in India had let some of the pesticides into its products and was even shut down for a period of time. (CSE, 2006) [ 1 ]. Wikipedia, â€Å"Global Marketing†, 2011 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Global_marketing [ 2 ]. Coca-Cola, â€Å"About us†, 2011, http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/? WT. cl=1WT. mm=footer1-about-red_en_US [ 3 ]. Centre for Science and Environment, â€Å"CSE releases new study on pesticides in soft drinks†, 2006

Thursday, January 23, 2020

Modernism In Works of T.S. Elliot And James Joyce Essay -- Literature

Introduction: Modernism is a word that is generally used to understand "new and distinctive features in the subjects, forms, concepts and styles of literature and the other arts in the early decades of the present century, but especially after World War I." (Abrams 167) More often than not "Modernism" engages in "deliberate and radical break" (Abrams 167) with some of the more traditional foundation of art and culture. Peter Childs in his book Modernism remarks "Modernism has almost universally been considered a literature of not just change but crisis" (p. 14, Unit Reader p. 12). This essay will discuss and assess the value of this statement through the parts of the poem "The Waste Land" as well as "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" both of which were written by eminent poet T.S. Eliot and a short story from "Dubliners" named "Eveline" by James Joyece. Both the Poems and the short story in some way celebrate the practical and existent picture of life and culture and the changes with in them. This essay will firstly discuss the poem "The Waste Land" secondly it will discuss "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" thirdly the short story "Eveline" from the "Dubliners" and lastly it will discuss the how the discussions have helped to extend the understanding of the concept of Modernism. The Waste Land Section I: "The Burial of the Dead": This section of the "Waste Land" can be distinguished as a modified dramatic monolog. The four speakers in this part, who are very much frustrated by out side circumstances (a change and crisis) like war, are in dire need of speaking their hearts out but find themselves surrounded by dead people. The poem uses a partial rhyme scheme. The inclusion of language other than English make... ...through made her transform in a different way. Everything for her changes even after her discission to stay in Dublin. Modernism is a very different form of literature than those which were written before the First World War. Through the poems by T.S. Eliot and the short story by James Joyce one thing was evident; the impact of war was the biggest motivation behind all three pieces of writing. Another thing that was apparent was the fact that people were more concern about their individuality at that time which became prominent in the writings as well. Modernism began in a time where the war had shattered both the exterior and the interior of European culture and people embarked on thinking differently and new forms of realisations were embarking. These new realisations and ideas were channelled through different forms of literature and art and formed Modernism.

Wednesday, January 15, 2020

Ehe situation at the airport Essay

The heart rate increases the second you entry the terminal. There is a continuous sound of cheerful chatter, luggage wheels gently rolling across the cobalt blue floor, and mobile phones ringing. There are different emotions on everyone as you walk past, some people are depressed, excited or stressed out. The cue is long because it’s the early hours in the afternoon; the security grads are comfortably waiting for the passengers to place their properties in the security check tray. Each security uniforms display a shining gold badge that catches the eye; it’s so bright you have to wear sun glasses to look at the badge. The security grads are standing straight and are eager and delighted to help the next traveller. A mother and her child are joyfully placing their properties in the security check tray. The little boy was obviously dressed to see someone special; wearing a dark blue jacket, a green and grey striped shirt underneath, his trousers are clean but you can recognize they have been worn a couple of times and he has spent much time on his knees probably playing with his bright yellow racing car he is now happily placing in the tray which is now passing through the security check. He jumps eagerly as the scanner beeps, a sigh of relief as the boy got his yellow car back. As the time gets closer for takeoff, the more pressure; you just can wait to get on the plane but the time is dragging is like watching a snail run a marathon. I hear two business men behind me chatting about the weather in New York and the possibility of a snow. The disturbance of an airplane at a takeoff and the smell of an aircraft fuel. Young children listening to music on their mp3 player some even singing it out loud and playing video games as they wait for their gate to open. Voice on the public address announcing that flight 1907 is now boarding at gate A28. A Multiple of Billboards adverting different type of things the most eye catching one is the toothpaste billboard, because the man is beating of the billboard and the billboard is half done. It makes it clear that Formula tooth care gives you really strong teeth. Several people where admiring the art work as they took pictures of the billboard.

Monday, January 6, 2020

Technology Education A New Savvy Age - 1894 Words

Technology in Education: a New Savvy Age? Did you know that there were 53,245 schools in the year 2005 that used computers (Dimauro table 252)? Of course this is an unbelievable fact, but at this rate technology is taking over the world! Technology in education has grown at a rapid pace over the years. Through these years many obstacles have been overcome, but many more still lay ahead. People today use technology on an everyday basis from the time they wake up to the time they go to sleep, but the question of whether technology is positive for the students is still an ongoing debate in today’s society. There are so many things to gain from integrating the use of technology into the classroom such as, having easy access and a broader range†¦show more content†¦1). Wolinsky talks about how programs need to be made so that students can learn what they need to know in order to operate the technology safely. However, it takes much more than creating public awareness campaigns and online safety education for stude nts to attain the knowledge needed to operate technology safely. Moreover, even if these campaigns are made and the online education is funded, it does not mean that students will utilize these efforts to help them safely and effectively use technology and in fact, it poses a great risk for the government in losing money. The use of technology in education can prove to be problematic if not monitored properly. When children are not being monitored at school while during the use of technology they can be on social networking sites, which can cause problems such as cyber bullying. In â€Å"Face Book Joins Cyber Bully Fight† Reporter Adrian Lowe states that â€Å"earlier this year Catherine Bernard age 17, took her own life after schoolyard and face book bullying† (Par. 1). By bringing in types of technology into the classroom teachers must be aware of the problems that come with it. In today’s society children gain the knowledge of how to operate technology at a very early age, which can pose for issues at school for the teachers. In â€Å"Effects of a long-Duration,

Sunday, December 29, 2019

Slavery Fight for Freedom - 804 Words

Slavery Fight for Freedom During the course of the slave trade millions of Africans became involuntary immigrants to the New World. Some African captives resisted enslavement by fleeing from slave forts on the coast of West African. Others mutinied on board slave trading vessels, or cast themselves into the ocean, rather facing death than enslavement. In the New World there were those who ran away from their owners, ran away among the Indians, formed maroon societies, revolted, feigned sickness, or participated in work slow downs. Some sought and succeeded in gaining liberty through various legal means such as good service to their masters, self-purchase, or military service. Still others seemingly acquiesced and learned to survive in†¦show more content†¦By day the crew complied, but at night they sailed west and finally landed near Long Island, New York, where the vessel was seized by U.S. authorities. In the New York Sun, Cinquà © is described as a brave Congolese chief . . . who now lies in jail in arms at New Haven, Conn., awaiting his trial for daring for freedom. Cinquà © is quoted as saying, Brothers, we have done that which we proposed . . . I am resolved it is better to die than be a white mans slave. President Martin Van Buren and the Spanish administrators of Cuba wanted the Africans returned to stand trial for mutiny, but the Connecticut judge who heard the case disagreed. The U. S. appealed the case to the Supreme Court where former President John Quincy Adams argued that it was the Africans, not the Cubans, who should be treated sympathetically because they were free people illegally enslaved. John Quincy Adams argued the appeal on behalf of the Africans before the Court. He stated that they were entitled to all kindness and good offices due from a humane and Christian nation. In January 1841, the Supreme Court rendered its decision relating to the Amistad affair. Adams won and the Africans were returned toShow MoreRelated Slavery Fight For Freedom Essay802 Words   |  4 Pages Slavery Fight for Freedom During the course of the slave trade millions of Africans became involuntary immigrants to the New World. Some African captives resisted enslavement by fleeing from slave forts on the coast of West African. Others mutinied on board slave trading vessels, or cast themselves into the ocean, rather facing death than enslavement. In the New World there were those who ran away from their owners, ran away among the Indians, formed maroon societies, revolted, feigned sicknessRead MoreThe Civil War : Opposing Slavery1139 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the Civil War: Opposing Slavery â€Å"By 1860, the South contained more slaves than all the other slave societies in the New World combined’ (Roark, 331). Slavery was the backbone of the American Southern states’ economy, a highly controversial topic, and eventually the cause of the American Civil war. Even before the Civil War, there were many American groups who opposed slavery. In the early 19th century there were several forces that opposed slavery, both in the North and the South, they usedRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Revolutionary Era925 Words   |  4 Pages The Revolutionary Era was a time for liberal reformation, independence, and a new found united states. An uprising for freedom from Britain’s tyrannic king swept through the colonies and a fight for independence was making it’s way. However, the war with Britain would be no cake walk for the new found colonies and extra reinforcement was needed. African Americans played major roles during the Revolutionary Era by participating in battles such as Lexington, Bunker Hill, and Yorktown. Some were freeRead MoreAfrican American And The American Revolution1277 Words   |  6 Pageshad been born and history had hit another turning point. The impact of the American Revolution and slavery would change the United States both for the good and the bad. The major change in the ideology of liberty and freedom among the states and the classification of blacks both enslaved and free were two of the largest impacts of the American Revolution and slavery. â€Å"The concept of chattel slavery has always embodied a profound though subtle contradiction.† (Davis) The North Americans were claimingRead MoreDred Scott Decision Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pagesstates was rising. The issue of slavery was a conflict that greatly contributed to this tension. The Northern and Southern people had very different views on slavery. Most of the Northern people thought that slavery was wrong, while the Southern people thought that slavery was justified. During this time, a court case filed by a black slave against his white slave master occurred and it widened the gap between them even more. The idea of a black man suing for his freedom was ridiculous to most of theRead MoreSlavery1305 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery has been in the United States early as 1619. Slaves were brought to America for one thing and one thing only, money. Tobacco took a great amount of work to harvest, but with the slaves help it all got completed. Slaves cost at least three more times than a regular servant for the reason that slavery was their life, it was their job. Regular servants finished their ‘slavery’ time in about 4 years. Slavery really got across the whole country as time passed, and in 1670 the crop, tobacco, tookRead MorePatrick Henrys Fight For Freedom776 Words   |  4 Pagesthe history of the country and which is a reason to fight for is freedom. In Patrick Henry’s speech â€Å"Speech of the Virginia Convention†, 1775, and Steve McQueen’s â€Å"12 years a slave†, 2013, is this idea well presented. Patrick Henry tells his opinion and is trying to convince the convention to attack the South right now. McQueen shows us a film based on a true story in which he tells the story of a black man who gets kidnapped and sold in slavery. He had a job and a wife and two childs. It took himRead MoreThe American Revolution And The Civil War Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagesrun away, seeking freedom. If the runaway slaves were caught, they were often killed or whipped. One individual in particular by the name of Frederick Douglas was very instrumental in the fight for freedom of black slaves. During the Civil War, Douglas recruited African American soldiers for the Union, and he worked after the war for civil rights for the African Americans. (Wheeler, Becker, and Glover page 252). In 1843, Douglass joined other speakers in the American Anti-Slavery Society’s â€Å"HundredRead MoreAbolition Slavery And The United State Of America859 Words   |  4 Pages In the 1840s slavery become a big issue in the United State of America. Since passing the Louisiana Purchase, the United State start expanding their land. They took over the Indian Territory by forcing them to leave the country or to relocate in the different city. The expansion of the United State leads to decide some state should be a free slave. In the 1820s, they passed a low that request 36’30 parallel are decided to be a free state. Abolition slavery becomes a question In the American societyRead MoreSummary Of Harriet Jacobs And Frederick Douglass702 Words   |  3 PagesSlavery (noun): a condition compared to that of a slave in respect of exhausting labor or restricted freedom. Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass were both born into slavery, and both suffered the consequences of American ignorance. Jacobs and Douglass provided a brutally honest truth through their poetry about slavery, and how white Americans interpreted slavery. Everyone was subject to Jacobs and D ouglass’ assessment on how differently people interpreted what slavery meant – just a means of labor

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Good Communication Skills are Essential for Early...

Good communication skills form a critical element of early childhood education. Communication consists of two main styles: Verbal and non-verbal. These styles of communication form the foundation of effective teaching and learning within the early childhood forum. A good early childhood educator will enhance learning and development with an extensive knowledge of both the verbal and non-verbal elements of communication. An early childhood educator will understand what constitutes good communication and the positive impact this can have on effectiveness of a successful learning environment. This impact extends to personal affective traits such as self esteem, self belief, desire and motivation. Relationships between the educator and†¦show more content†¦Children rely heavily on the input of their surrounding environments to develop these skills further (Eileen Allen Marotz, 2003). The communication strategy used by children over the first year of life is predominately non-verbal before development progresses to include verbal communication (Rodnick Wood, 1973). McDevitt and Ormrod (2010) suggest social emotional, physical and cognitive development is facilitated by the experiences children have in their â€Å"family, school and community† (p. 5). This raises the idea that the level of communicative development may differ greatly between children depending on experiential exposure. Rodnick and Wood (1973) expand on this further suggesting children will actually develop a level of grammatical and language understanding which is essential to communication, long before they commence schooling. In research conducted by Rodnick and Wood (1973) it was noted in their findings that the children subject to their research demonstrated a lower level of communication than expected at around the age of seven and suggest it may be due to environmental factors. This then draws some attention to the educator and their ability to teach a developing ch ild not only the importance of communication, but also the skills of appropriate and effective communication. An early childhood educator who uses good communication practices will be able to identify non-verbal signals from children and utilise their fullShow MoreRelatedCommunication in Early Childhood1450 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is the most important factor for young children’s learning and social development. Humans have the unique skills of language and speech to enable the sharing of information, knowledge and feelings with others. Early childhood educators have an important job to nurture and support the development of communication in children. Communication skills are required in order to deliver the right message and convey it properly to the child. These involve body languages and facial expressionRead MoreEssay on Skills for an Effective Communication1261 Words   |  6 PagesAs an early childhood educator being able to communicate effectively is very important; without the ability to do so would make it very difficult to successfully teach children and build working relationships with parents and staff. Communicating is the ability to connect with others by exchanging ideas and feelings both verbally and non-verbally. Verbal communication can consist of spoken conversations (face to face or phone calls) or written messages (letters, emails newsletters). Non-verbalRead MoreImportance of Play1008 Words   |  5 Pages The Importance of Play ECE 430 Early Childhood Education Capstone Prof. Sublette Jennifer Bentley November 28, 2011 The Importance of Play Play is one aspect that is common in every child’s life. The importance of play for children is huge. It is so much more than a recreational activity for them. Play is essential for children; it contributes to healthy child development cognitively, socially, and physically (McFadden, 2010). Because of this, it is vital for parents, caregivers, and educatorsRead More Gaining a â€Å"sense of the arts† through music Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of children, who can feel as well as think, and who are sensitive and creative. In early childhood education children identify and express the feelings and ideas in different forms such as music, dance, drama, and visual arts. This essay highlights the key ideas of how young children between the ages of three to five make sense through art such as music. Furthermore, this essay makes links to early childhood curriculum as a bicultural perspective. It concludes with the role of teachers and adultsRead MoreEarly Childhood Education Essay875 Words   |  4 PagesEarly childhood education is one of the most important policy topics out there. Research has proven that the early years in childhood is a critical period for opportunity to develop a child’s full potential; as well as form academic, social, and cognitive skills that determine not only success in school but also their entire life (The White House). The right to a free, public education is guaranteed to all children in the United States. Early education is voluntary, and therefore some children areRead MoreImportance of Effectve Communication for Early Childhood Educators1948 Words   |  8 PagesCommunication: the essential life skill. Effective communication, as defined by Courtney (2009) â€Å"is a two-way process: sending the right message that is also being correctly received and understood by the other person/s. For communication to be effective, it is important to understand how the people you are interacting with may interpret your message†. Early childhood educators are required to have effective communication skills as they need to communicate on a daily basis with their studentsRead MoreEarly Childhood Education : Children s Understanding And Development Essay826 Words   |  4 PagesEarly childhood education typically pertains to the education of children who range in age from babies to kindergarten age. This does not start and end inside the class room. Early childhood training is debatably the most crucial phase of educational development as it is from this cornerstone that future development and learning happen. High quality programs need to incorporate teaching in reading capabilities, motor skills, vocabulary and communication abilities. This will create substantial benefitsRead MoreAn Early Childhood Educator : Understanding The Physical, Social, Emotional, And Cognitive Development Of Each Child1024 Words   |  5 Pagesand values. As an early childhood educator, I believe it is our responsibility to understand children as a whole and base our curriculum according to their needs. As educators we should set up a high quality classroom environment where the child can grow, learn and explore at his or her own developmental level. I believe that as an early childhood educator my goal is to promote the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development of each child. Also educators must find a good balance betweenRead MoreThe Importance Of Using Authentic Letters, Diaries, And Journals Of The Social Studies Classroom Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesExplain the benefits of using authentic letters, diaries, and journals in the social studies classroom. Providing students with the opportunity to read and use authentic diaries, journals and letters from others, provides students with essential information. This type of information is real, from real people, with real stories. Upper elementary and middle school students can learn a great deal about social studies through reading the diaries. Journals, letters, and newspaper articles written duringRead MoreProgram Planning in Early Childhood Education Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesProgramme planning is a vital sector in diverse early childhood education (ECE) service to provide quality education and care for young children. There are many ways we could plan things. The planning will link to the document of desirable of objectives (DOPs), Te Whariki and the licensing criteria which provide by the government. Planning in ECE cycle has no beginning and no end; it is a continued cycle day after day, week after week and year after year. Play is basic element to learn and develop

Friday, December 13, 2019

Clash of titans East vs. West Free Essays

Europe includes an immense diversity of cultures and languages that developed side by side; Asia on the other hand had been developing on its own for centuries before Europe began to evolve. So how did the â€Å"peninsula of Asia†, become not only a strong force in the West, but a global power. Through the different articles we read, Illustrated History of Europe, Roberts’ A History of Europe, Davies’ Europe: A History, Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Steel, Landes’ The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, and Hanson’s Carnage and Culture one can understand how and why the later developing Europe became the dominate power over the already powerful Asia. We will write a custom essay sample on Clash of titans: East vs. West or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Illustrated History of Europe calls Europe a divided continent, but one civilization. Europe’s wide plains, for example the Great Northern Plain, only aid to an easy invasion from the east which happened numerous times throughout Europe’s history. Europe also has a high diversity of languages, 43 in total, that were originated from Sanskrit. Because of this, Europe’s language, in written from, is based on a consonantal system rather than that of an ideographic system such as the Chinese use. This article broke down Europe’s civilization into three different bases: democracy originating from the Greeks, law coming from the Romans, and finally, the value of individualism and liberty derived from the Christians. Roberts and Davies mainly describe Europe’s geography and how it affected the development of the people within. Roberts described Europe as a â€Å"peninsula of Asia†, being surrounded on its boundaries, primarily by water. This was why Europe was able to develop on its own. The bodies of water, plus the plains and heavily forested inner regions, caused people to become very isolated from one another thus letting them make their own decisions and also forming their own languages. Western Europe’s temperate climate aided by the Gulf Stream kept its environment mild year round, plus with the addition of a good amount of rain made it easy to farm without irrigation. Central and Eastern Europe were not as lucky, however, because they experienced fluctuations in temperature and rainfall. Diamond discussed how the â€Å"creation† of the farmer through the domestication of plants and animals led to the development of guns, germs, and steel. He compared the â€Å"hunter/gather† peoples with the â€Å"food producing† peoples, to demonstrate the benefit of the farmer. With a farming group, one could devote one’s time to other jobs, and thus become â€Å"specialists†. These specialists could master an art or trade instead of spending time searching for food, and eventually evolved to become the kings, bureaucrats, soldiers, priests, and artisans. The domestications of plants and animals was an integral part of the development of the farming culture over that of the hunting culture. For example, the peapod when it is ripe will â€Å"explode† and drop its seeds onto the ground. The only thing left on the plant after this occurs are the pea pods that did not explode. Thus those were the ones which we were able to eat because they were the only ones we were able to gather. We would therefore only disperse the seeds of the â€Å"non-exploding† pea pods through our excrement or our garbage dumps. In the end the hunter/gatherers will eventually die out because they do not have the steel to make tools as well as the weapons that the farmers have and thus will, in time, be destroyed. Latitude played a huge role in the rise of farmers in Europe. Due to the similar latitude throughout Europe the growing season is relatively the same, along with a relatively equal climate. The easy spread of germs came about because people lived in crowded villages where a disease could simply pass from one household to another. Plus with the domestication of animals, the animals now lived in close quarters to the people and thus contributed to the spread of diseases. When the European explorers introduced germs to the Native Americans, many Native Americas were killed because they didn’t have the built up resistance because of the lack of domesticated animals. Because of Europe’s close proximity to animals many of the world’s diseases have originated there. The Fertile Crescent was a very ecologically fragile area. It ended up being destroyed due to deforestation, and erosion, as well as other factors and now is mainly desert. The Great Man theory said that a few great men can influence the events of history. One of the main reasons Europe â€Å"outdid† China was because of Europe was fragmented, whereas China was totally united, this basically meant that competition could flourish while in China what was said was unquestioned. Landes covered some of what was in the Roberts article as well as what was in the Davies article. He discussed the Gulf Stream and the immense forests, but he also pointed out facts about riverside civilizations. People gathered around rivers because they not only provided water, but also a mode of transportation. Riverside civilizations, because of their strategic importance were, however, more likely to have a ruler. In riverside civilizations if the ruler needed money or more land then he would just take what they wanted from the people. As far as property goes in the West, where there was no need for riverside civilizations due to the temperate climate and abundant rainfall, there was a deep commitment to private property; so much so that even kings did not take their subjects property. During the period of 1000 – 1500 AD, five â€Å"great† inventions were made. These inventions were deemed the â€Å"inventions of inventions†. The inventions were the mechanical clock, gunpowder, eyeglasses, printing, and the water wheel. Gunpowder, in China was used as a defense, but in the European’s hands it became an offensive weapon. Eyeglasses â€Å"created† an additional work force from the many people who had poor eyesight but were in overall good physical condition. Printing was used to spread knowledge, so ideas no longer had to be passed by word of mouth. The water wheel became an addition source of power. The mechanical clock, in my opinion the most important, kept people task oriented, and because people always want the most accurate time we kept improving upon it and it turn improved upon all inventions. This was the economic revolution, which was only comparable to when humans went from hunter/gatherers to food producers. Hanson stated that the reason the West fought so well was because Europeans fought for their own land. Peoples in the West had a voice in what happened, militarily and politically, whereas peoples in the east had none. An example of this would be the battle of Salamis, the Greek soldiers got together only hours before the battle to decide if fighting this fight was really worth it. On the Persian side, however, the soldiers had no say in it, and fought that battle not necessarily wanting to fight for the cause. Due to the West’s freedom, private property, domestication of plants and animals and the movement from hunter/gatherers to food producers were all factors why the less developed Europe came to overpower the already strong Asia. If Asia had had a these â€Å"fundamentals† as did the West think how different the world would be. How to cite Clash of titans: East vs. West, Papers